Table 1 Patients characteristics at admission and outcomes in relationship with the initial vexus grading
Characteristics | All patients N = 43 | VExUS Grade 0–1 (N = 13) | VExUS Grade 2 (N = 18) | VExUS Grade 3 (N = 12) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baseline characteristics | |||||
Age | 52 ± 15 | 54 ± 16 | 51 ± 14 | 52 ± 17 | 0.92 |
Male sex | 25 (56.8%) | 7 (53.8%) | 13 (72.2%) | 5 (41.7%) | 0.23 |
Chronic hypertension | 30 (69.8%) | 8 (61.5%) | 18 (72.2%) | 9/12 (75.0%) | 0.73 |
Diabetes | 23 (53.5%) | 4 (30.8%) | 12 (66.7%) | 7 (58.3%) | 0.13 |
Known chronic kidney disease | 6 (14%) | 1 (7.7%) | 3 (16.7%) | 2 (16.7%) | 0.74 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 11 (25.6%) | 3 (23.1%) | 6 (33.3%) | 11 (25.6%) | 0.68 |
Type of heart failure - Preserved LVEF - Reduced LVEF (≤ 40%) | 22 (51.2%) 21 (48.8%) | 7 (53.8%) 6 (46.2%) | 9 (50.0%) 9 (50.0%) | 6 (50.0%) 6 (50.0%) | 1 |
Prior hospitalization for acute heart failure | 14 (32.6%) | 3 (23.1%) | 8 (44.4%) | 3 (25.0%) | 0.39 |
Coronary artery disease | 20 (46.5%) | 5 (38.5%) | 11 (61.1%) | 4 (46.5%) | 0.29 |
Heart rate | 98 ± 13 | 99 ± 13 | 96 ± 11 | 100 ± 15 | 0.64 |
Systolic blood pressure | 134 ± 27 | 133 ± 28 | 135 ± 26 | 134 ± 29 | 0.98 |
Diastolic blood pressure | 80 ± 14 | 79 ± 16 | 81 ± 14 | 80 ± 14 | 0.94 |
Mean arterial pressure | 98 ± 18 | 97 ± 20 | 99 ± 18 | 98 ± 18 | 0.97 |
Central venous pressure | 20 ± 3 | 19 ± 3 | 20 ± 3 | 21 ± 3 | 0.25 |
Serum creatinine at admission | 2.59 ± 1.58 | 2.01 ± 0.94 | 3.10 ± 2.11 | 2.45 ± 0.90 | 0.16 |
NT-pro-BNP | 1151 ± 343 | 1079 ± 314 | 1116 ± 288 | 1283 ± 431 | 0.29 |
AKI staging at admission - Stage 1 - Stage 2 - Stage 3 | 27 (62.8%) 9 (20.9%) 7 (16.3%) | 11 (84.6%) 1 (7.7%) 1 (7.7%) | 11 (61.1%) 2 (11.1%) 5 (27.8%) | 5 (41.7%) 6 (50.0%) 1 (8.3%) | 0.16 |
Other congestion parameters | |||||
Serum electrolytes - Sodium (mmol/L) - Chloride (mmol/L) | 135 (± 5) 102 (± 14) | 134 (± 4) 106 (± 9) | 135 (± 4) 106 (± 11) | 134 (± 6) 93 (± 18) | 0.66 0.03 |
Pulmonary rale on auscultation | 36 (83.7%) | 10 (76.9%) | 14 (76.9%) | 12 (77.8%) | 0.25 |
Lower extremity edema | 35 (81.3%) | 7 (53.8%) | 18 (100%) | 10 (83.3%) | 0.005 |
Pleural effusion | 28 (58.1%) | 6 (46.2%) | 10 (55.6%) | 9 (75.0%) | 0.36 |
Abdominal Ascites | 6 (14.0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 6 (50.0%) | < 0.001 |
New York Heart Association functional class - 1 - 2 - 3 - 4 | 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 14 (32.6%) 29 (67.4%) | 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 7 (53.8%) 6 (46.2%) | 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 6 (33.3%) 12 (66.7%) | 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 1 (8.3%) 11 (91.7%) | 0.048 |
Outcomes | |||||
Improvement in renal function at 72 h | 31 (72.1%) | 13 (92.3%) | 18 (55.6%) | 12 (75.0%) | 0.08 |
Initiation of RRT during hospital stay | 8 (18.6%) | 1 (7.7%) | 7 (38.9%) | 3 (25.0%) | 0.15 |
Death during hospital stay | 11 (25.6%) | 2 (15.4%) | 3 (16.7%) | 12 (25.0%) | 0.79 |
3 month re-admission in survivors | 7 (20.0%) | 1 (11.1%) | 5 (41.7%) | 1 (16.7%) | 0.31 |